Human D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) ELISA Kit
For reference only. Please follow the manual included in your kit for instructions.
Catalog Number
RD-DDT-Hu
The Human D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) ELISA Kit (RD-DDT-Hu) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative detection of DDT in Human samples. This kit uses the Traditional ELISA format for colorimetric detection of natural DDT in samples including tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. The kit is easy to use and comes with a pre-coated microplate and all necessary reagents and buffers. The standard curve generated in the experiment is used to calculate the concentration of DDT in samples. For research use only.
Product Specifications
Product Name
Human D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT) ELISA Kit
Catalog Number
RD-DDT-Hu
Detection Range
0.312-20ng/mL
Sensitivity
0.114ng/mL
Species Reactivity
Human
Species
Homo sapiens Human
Assay Length
4.5 hours
Experimental Method
Sandwich
Detection Method
Colorimetric
Sample Type
tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids
Gene ID
1652
UniProtKB
P30046
Shelf Life
12 months
Synonyms
DDCTD-Dopachrome DecarboxylasePhenylpyruvate tautomerase II
Product Details
Intended Use
This kit is a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for in vitro quantitative measurement of DDT in human tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids.
Test Principle
The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to DDT. Standards or samples are then added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells with a biotin-conjugated antibody preparation specific to DDT. Next, Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is added to each microplate well and incubated. After TMB substrate solution is added, only those wells that contain DDT, biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit a change in color. The enzyme-substrate reaction is terminated by the addition of sulphuric acid solution and the color change is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 ± 10 nm. The concentration of DDT in the samples is then determined by comparing the O.D. of the samples to the standard curve.
Application Data
Reagents and Materials Provided
| Reagents | Quantity | Reagents | Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-coated, ready to use 96-well strip plate | 1 | Plate sealer for 96 wells | 2 |
| Standard | 2 | Diluent Buffer | 1 × 45 mL |
| Detection Reagent A | 1 × 120 μL | Detection Reagent B | 1 × 120 μL |
| TMB Substrate | 1 × 9 mL | Stop Solution | 1 × 6 mL |
| Wash Buffer (30× concentrate) | 1 × 20 mL | Instruction manual | 1 |
Materials Required but not Supplied
- Microplate reader with 450 ± 10 nm filter.
- Precision single or multi-channel pipettes and disposable tips.
- Eppendorf Tubes for diluting samples.
- Deionized or distilled water.
- Absorbent paper for blotting the microtiter plate.
- Container for Wash Solution.
Storage of the kits
- For unopened kits: All the reagents should be kept according to labels on the vials. The TMB Substrate, Wash Buffer (30× concentrate) and the Stop Solution should be stored at 4°C upon receipt while the others should be at -20°C.
- For opened kits: Once the kit is opened, the remaining reagents still need to be stored according to the above storage conditions. In addition, return the unused wells to the foil pouch containing the desiccant pack, and reseal along entire edge of zip-seal.
- For the expiration date of the kit, please refer to the label on the kit box. All components are stable until this date.
- It is highly recommended to use the remaining reagents within 1 month of opening.
Sample Collection and Storage
- Tissue homogenates - The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. For this assay, tissues should be rinsed in ice-cold PBS (0.01 mol/L, pH 7.0-7.2) to remove excess blood thoroughly and weighed before homogenization. Mince the tissues to small pieces and homogenize them in 5-10 mL of PBS with a glass homogenizer on ice (Micro Tissue Grinders also work). The resulting suspension should be sonicated with an ultrasonic cell disrupter or subjected to 2 freeze/thaw cycles to further break the cell membranes. Then, centrifuge the homogenates for 5 minutes at 5000 × g. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤-20°C.
- Cell Lysates - Cells must be lysed before assaying according to the following directions.
- Adherent cells should be detached with trypsin and then collected by centrifugation (suspension cells can be collected by centrifugation directly).
- Wash cells 3 times in cold PBS.
- Resuspend cells in PBS (1×) and subject the cells to ultrasonication 4 times (or Freeze cells at ≤-20°C. Thaw cells with gentle mixing. Repeat the freeze/thaw cycle 3 times.).
- Centrifuge at 1500 × g for 10 minutes at 2-8°C to remove cellular debris.
- Other biological fluids - Centrifuge samples for 20 minutes at 1000 × g. Remove particulates and assay immediately or store samples in aliquots at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles.
- Samples to be used within 5 days may be stored at 4°C, otherwise samples must be stored at -20°C (≤1 month) or -80°C (≤2 months) to avoid loss of bioactivity and/or contamination.
- Noticeable hemolysis will affect antibody-antigen reactions. Samples with any sign of hemolysis are not acceptable for this assay.
- When performing the assay, bring samples to room temperature.
Reagent Preparation
- Bring all kit components and samples to room temperature (18-25°C) before use.
- Standard-Reconstitute the Standard with 1.0 mL of Diluent Buffer, keep for 10 minutes at room temperature, shake gently (not to foam). The concentration of the standard in the stock solution is 20 ng/mL. Prepare 7 tubes containing 0.5 mL Diluent Buffer and use the diluted standard to produce a double dilution series according to the picture shown below. Mix each tube thoroughly before the next transfer. Prepare a dilution series with 7 points; for example: 20 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 5 ng/mL, 2.5 ng/mL, 1.25 ng/mL, 0.625 ng/mL, 0.312 ng/mL, and the last EP tube with Diluent Buffer is the blank at 0 ng/mL.
- Detection Reagent A and Detection Reagent B - Briefly spin or centrifuge the stock Detection A and Detection B solutions before use. Dilute to the working concentrations with Diluent Buffer respectively (1:100).
- Wash Solution - Dilute 20 mL of Wash Solution concentrate (30×) with 580 mL of deionized or distilled water to prepare 600 mL of Wash Solution (1×).
- TMB substrate - Aspirate the needed dosage of the solution with sterilized tips. Do not dump the residual solution back into the vial.
- Do not perform a serial dilution directly in the wells.
- Prepare standard within 15 minutes of performing the assay. Do not dissolve the reagents at 37°C directly.
- Detection Reagent A and B are sticky solutions. Slowly pipette them to reduce the volume errors.
- Carefully reconstitute Standards or working Detection Reagent A and B according to the instruction, avoid foaming and mix gently until the crystals are completely dissolved. To minimize imprecision caused by pipetting, use small volumes and ensure that pipettors are calibrated. It is recommended to pipette more than 10 μL at a time to ensure accuracy.
- The reconstituted Standards, Detection Reagent A and Detection Reagent B can be used only once.
- If crystals have formed in the Wash Solution concentrate (30×), warm to room temperature and mix gently until the crystals are completely dissolved.
- Any contaminated water or container used during reagent preparation will influence the detection result.
Assay Procedure Summary
- Prepare all reagents, samples and standards.
- Add 100 µL standard or sample to each well. Incubate 2 hours at 37°C.
- Aspirate and add 100 µL prepared Detection Reagent A. Incubate 1 hour at 37°C.
- Aspirate and wash 3 times.
- Add 100 µL prepared Detection Reagent B. Incubate 1 hour at 37°C.
- Aspirate and wash 5 times.
- Add 90 µL Substrate Solution. Incubate 15-25 minutes at 37°C.
- Add 50 µL Stop Solution. Read at 450 nm immediately.
Calculation of Results
Average the duplicate readings for each standard, control and sample, then subtract the average zero standard optical density. Construct a standard curve by plotting the mean O.D. and concentration for each standard and draw a best fit curve through the points on the graph or create a standard curve on log-log graph paper with DDT concentration on the y-axis and absorbance on the x-axis. Using plotting software, (for instance, curve expert 1.30), is also recommended. If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor.
Product Data
Sensitivity
- The minimum detectable dose of DDT is typically less than 0.114 ng/mL.
- The sensitivity of this assay, or Lower Limit of Detection (LLD) was defined as the lowest protein concentration that could be differentiated from zero. It was determined by adding two standard deviations to the mean optical density value of twenty zero standard replicates and calculating the corresponding concentration.
Specificity
- This assay has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of DDT.
- No significant cross-reactivity or interference between DDT and analogs was observed.
- Limited by current skills and knowledge, it is impossible to perform all possible cross-reactivity detection tests between DDT and all analogs, therefore, cross reactivity may still exist.
Precision
- Intra-assay Precision (Precision within an assay): 3 samples with low, middle and high level DDT were tested 20 times on one plate, respectively.
- Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays): 3 samples with low, middle and high level DDT were tested on 3 different plates, 8 replicates in each plate.
- CV (%) = SD/mean × 100
- Intra-Assay: CV<10%
- Inter-Assay: CV<12%
Stability
- The stability of ELISA kit is determined by the loss rate of activity. The loss rate of this kit is less than 5% within the expiration date under appropriate storage conditions.
- To minimize unnecessary influences on the performance, operation procedures and lab conditions, especially room temperature, air humidity, and incubator temperatures should be strictly regulated. It is also strongly suggested that the whole assay is performed by the same experimenter from the beginning to the end.
Research Areas